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	<description>Medical Cannabis</description>
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		<title>Cannabis prescriptions in Germany: pain therapy in focus</title>
		<link>https://www.terpenia.eu/cannabis-prescriptions-in-germany-pain-therapy-in-focus/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[terpenia-editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 05 Jan 2023 13:55:37 +0000</pubDate>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.terpenia.eu/?p=1270</guid>

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<p>Cannabis has been widely used as pain medication in the late 19<sup>th</sup> and early 20<sup>th</sup> century. After being banned in most countries for decades, cannabis-based drugs are increasingly finding their way back into modern medicine. In March 2017 Germany introduced a major change in legislation, which significantly facilitated patients’ access to medical cannabis. In contrast to previous cannabis regulation, the new law on “cannabis as medicine” enabled medical practitioners to prescribe THC-containing cannabis extracts, flowers, and (semi-) synthetic THC formulations without the need to file an application to the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM). The new procedure removed significant obstacles for doctors, pharmacologists and severely ill patients that gained access to promising cannabis-based therapies where conventional therapeutic approaches failed.  </p>
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<p>Since lifting cannabis restrictions in 2017, the demand for medical cannabis in Germany is on the rise. As the capacity of German producers to meet the demand of high-quality cannabis is limited, the majority of cannabis prescribed in Germany has to be imported.  While in 2017 Germany imported 1.8 t of medical cannabis, imports drastically increased to 11.7 t in 2020 and to 20.7 t in 2021. The bulk of cannabis imports for medical and scientific purposes in Germany in 2021 originated from Canada (6.5 t), the Netherlands (3.7 t), and Denmark (3.7 t). But also non-EU countries like Uruguay, Uganda, and Colombia are on the long list of nations that export cannabis for the German market, which only produced 2.4 t in 2021.     </p>
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<p>In July 2022 the German BfArM published an important, nation-wide survey on medical cannabis prescriptions in Germany since the new regulations became effective in 2017. The survey contains anonymous data from 21,000 cannabis prescriptions between 2017 and 2022 and gives information on relevant parameters including medical indication and perceived improvement in symptoms and quality of life. Intriguingly, the vast majority of reported medical indications were associated with pain management (74.2%), followed by spasticity (9.6%) and anorexia-related symptoms (5.1%). This finding is noteworthy, as the evidence for the benefit of cannabis-based medicine in chronic pain patients is still controversially debated. An exception are patients suffering from neuropathic pain, for which the benefits of medical cannabis are relatively well documented.   </p>
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<p>Overall, the BfArM survey reports comparable positive effects on quality of life and symptom severity for cannabis flowers, extracts, and synthetic THC preparations. Of note, the average daily THC dose in flowers was highly variable and with 249 mg far exceeded the average daily dose of ~15 mg THC that is recommended in scientific studies and was achieved with cannabis extracts and THC-based preparations. This large variation in daily THC dosage possibly heightens the risk for adverse side effects and raises safety concerns regarding the use of medical cannabis flowers. Besides the lack of scientific evidence for efficacy, tolerability, and safety, high THC doses often produce an increased perceived well-being, blurring the line between cannabis’ proven medical properties and the drugs euphoric effect. According to the BfArM report, the majority of patients receiving extracts or THC-based formulations were female with an average age of 57. In contrast, two thirds of patients using cannabis flowers were male and aged 45.5 years. The obvious preference for cannabis flowers among younger male patients might be explained by previous experiences with illegally purchased cannabis, questioning the suitability and safety of cannabis flowers as prescription drug. In contrast, cannabis extracts seem to have various advantages over cannabis flowers. Not only do extracts generally show less variability in cannabinoid composition and THC concentration as many cannabis flowers, but also the risk of excessive daily dosage schemes is greatly reduced. In addition, prescribing cannabis extracts lowers the risk of lung and heart disease, as the oral intake of extracts (e.g. in oily formulations) avoids vaporizing or smoking, which represents a frequent, although not medically recommended, method of consuming cannabis flowers. Further, the oral application of cannabis extracts results in a slow and steady rise of the blood THC concentration – potentially reducing psychotropic side effects and lowering the risk of psychological dependence.   <br><br>While the BfArM report gives valuable insights into medical cannabis prescriptions in Germany, its scientific meaning is limited and it cannot replace robust clinical studies. Besides a relatively small number of analyzed prescriptions, the validity of a retrospective assessment of efficacy and side effects appears questionable. Further, the medical indication “pain” is not precisely defined and encompasses a wide range of underlying diseases. This report clearly highlights the need for more robust research on cannabis-based medicine for chronic pain treatment. While the benefit of cannabis against neuropathic pain is scientifically relatively well supported, the picture remains incomplete when it comes to other forms of chronic pain. Nevertheless, a recent study from Israel showed a significant improvement in quality of life and a reduction of pain medication in chronic pain patients with complementary cannabis treatment. While these results are pointing in the right direction, additional robust clinical studies are urgently needed in the future to make this promising drug more accessible for medical practitioners and patients. The potential applications for novel cannabis-based therapeutic approaches are extensive and include symptoms like chronic back pain (with an estimated 25 million patients in Europe alone), arthritic joint pain, and severe menstrual cramps and discomfort – symptoms that greatly reduce the quality of life of millions of people worldwide. In the beginning of 2022, the UK National Institute of Health even approved one of the world’s first clinical trials on the use of medical cannabis to treat symptoms of long-COVID &#8211; a complex, debilitating disease that will continue to pose huge problems for global health. Taken together, chronic pain patients might profit immensely from medical cannabis and experience an increased quality of life and reduced symptom severity, with a favorable side effect profile as compared to other, often opioid-based, treatment options. In our opinion, increasing the safety and quality of cannabis-based drugs while promoting scientific research clearly is the key to a bright future of medical cannabis.</p>
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<p>References:</p>
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<p>BfArM, Bundesopiumstelle, Einfuhren Cannabis</p>
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<p>BfArM, Abschlussbericht der Begleiterhebung […] zur Verschreibung und Anwendung von Cannabisarzneimitteln</p>
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<p>Ärzteblatt, Begleiterhebung: Cannabis vor allem gegen chronische Schmerzen eingesetzt</p>
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<p>Aviram et al. 2021, Frontiers Pharmacology</p>
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<p>Spektrum.de, heilen mit Hanf 13.07.2022</p>
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<p>Pharmazeutische Zeitung, Cannabis-Fertigarzneimittel auf Extrakt-basis gegen Rückenschmerz</p>
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		<title>A brief overview of the environmental impact of medical cannabis production</title>
		<link>https://www.terpenia.eu/a-brief-overview-of-the-environmental-impact-of-medical-cannabis-production/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[terpenia-editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 21 Apr 2022 17:58:09 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.terpenia.eu/?p=1152</guid>

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<p>It grows like weed. The etymology of the word weed for <em>Cannabis sativa</em> is no coincidence. And while this is basically true, there are great differences and ecological implications in growing industrial hemp versus cannabis for medical use. One major flaw of the growing cannabis market is the environmental impact of cannabis cultivation for medical or recreational purposes, which strongly contrasts with industrial hemp cultivation.</p>
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<p>Hemp can be grown as traditional outdoor crops with a low ecological footprint even in temperate climate zones, mostly without the need for intensive fertilizer and pesticide use. Hemp production focuses on sheer accumulation of biomass usually with the aim of harvesting long unbranched stalks for the fiber industry. In contrast, medical cannabis cultivation aims for increased synthesis and high yield of secondary plant metabolites. Special varieties with high cannabinoid and terpen contents are frequently grown to achieve that goal, involving harvesting and processing of the unpollinated female inflorescences in various ways.</p>
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<p>Depending on the desired product, choosing an appropriate method for cultivation and processing is crucial. Regarding medical cannabis, inflorescences of a specific  <em>Cannabis sativa</em> strain should ideally contain highly comparable and batch-independent levels of active pharmaceutical ingredients. To guarantee standardized and stable active ingredient contents,  highly reproducible cultivation and processing methods have to be established. In this regard, special attention should be addressed to light quality and quantity, fertilizer use, and relative humidity during the flowering phase. Ultimately, even under optimized and approved growing conditions, minimizing intra- and inter-harvest variation remains challenging and presents a  significant obstacle for the medical cannabis industry. The picture changes when it comes to cannabis extracts and concentrates. During the production process of cannabis extracts, the final product usually undergoes various post-processing steps, overall creating a balanced and standardized mixture of active ingredients. To achieve high levels of cannabinoids and terpenes in products for the medical cannabis industry, choosing the right Cannabis strain is crucial, but also optimizing light intensity, as well as nutrient supply and timing, significantly impacts the overall yield. Considering dilution effects and homogenization during downstream processing, varying cannabinoid and terpen concentrations of individual plants play a subordinate role for the production of cannabis extracts. However, production costs and the environmental impact are of great importance for a sustainable cannabis industry.</p>
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<p>Today, medical cannabis that is sold in pharmacies around the world is largely grown under artificial light without the use of natural sunlight during the plants’ 3-4-month-long life. The rising demand for medical cannabis further promotes the fast-growing sector of indoor cannabis cultivation. Factors that promote large-scale indoor cultivation include unfavorable climatic conditions and the resulting economic risks for large-scale production but also local legislation that often restricts outdoor production. In sharp contrast to traditional outdoor cultivation methods, indoor cultivation of cannabis often produces a serious carbon footprint ranging from 2.283 to 5.184 kg CO2-eq/kg of dried cannabis flower, as exemplified by industrially produced cannabis in North America<a><sup>1</sup>. </a>The largest contributors to overall greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) are ventilation, temperature and humidity control systems followed by high-intensity grow lights<sup>1</sup>. Such energy-demanding microclimate control measures are indispensable for the large-scale indoor production of high-quality medical cannabis. For comparison, the carbon footprint of greenhouse tomatoes grown in Greece and Germany ranges from 0.1 to 10.1 kg CO2-eq/kg of fruit<sup>2</sup>. In addition to highly energy-intensive cultivation methods, factors like pollution and habitat destruction through unregulated use of pesticides and rodenticides negatively impact the environment<sup>3</sup>.</p>
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<p></p>
<p>To minimize the CO<sub>2 </sub>footprint and the negative environmental impact of cannabis cultivation, we at <em>Terpenia Phytotherapeutics</em> take advantage of the favorable climatic conditions in northern Greece that enable a more sustainable approach towards medical cannabis production. Besides substituting energy-intensive artificial light with natural sunlight, we believe in organic fertilizers and avoid the use of synthetic products. As a result of optimized cultivation procedures, we are able to extend the cultivation period from March to November without the need for artificial light supplementation. In our quest for sustainable cannabis production, we collect the remaining biomass after harvest and extraction to be composted and reused as soil amendment for the next growth period. Following this approach, we strive to establish a natural and resource-conserving cannabis production in harmony with the environment and suitable for sustainable long-term cultivation.</p>
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<p>References:</p>
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<p></p>
<ol type="1">
<li>Summers, H.M., Sproul, E. &amp; Quinn, J.C. The greenhouse gas emissions of indoor cannabis production in the United States. Nat Sustain 4,644–650 (2021). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00691-w">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00691-w</a><br /><br /></li>
<li>Ntinas, G., Neumair, M., Tsadilas, C., Meyer, J. Carbon footprint and cumulative energy demand of greenhouse and open-field tomato cultivation systems under Southern and Central European climatic conditions. Journal of Cleaner Production. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-cleaner-production/vol/142/part/P4" style="font-size: 14px;">Volume 142, Part 4</a><span style="font-size: 14px;">, (2017), Pages 3617-3626. </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.10.106" style="font-size: 14px;">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.10.106</a><br /><br /></li>
<li>Warren, G.S. Regulating Pot to Save the Polar Bear: Energy and Climate Impacts of the Marijuana Industry. Texas A&amp;M University, School of Law. 40 Colum. J. Envt&#8217;l L. 385 (2015). https://scholarship.law.tamu.edu/facscholar/647</li>
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<p><strong>Ein kurzer Überblick über die Umweltauswirkungen der Produktion von medizinischem Cannabis</strong></p>
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<p>Es wächst wie Unkraut. Die Etymologie des Wortes Kraut für <em>Cannabis sativa</em> ist kein Zufall. Und obwohl dies im Grunde genommen stimmt, gibt es große Unterschiede und ökologische Implikationen beim Anbau von Industriehanf und Cannabis für medizinische Zwecke. Ein großes Manko des wachsenden Cannabismarktes sind die Umweltauswirkungen des Cannabisanbaus für medizinische oder Freizeitzwecke, die im groben Gegensatz zu den Vorteilen von industriellen Hanfanbau stehen.</p>
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<p>Hanf kann als traditioneller Freilandanbau mit geringem ökologischem Fußabdruck selbst in gemäßigten Klimazonen angebaut werden, zumeist ohne intensiven Einsatz von Düngemitteln und Pestiziden. Die Hanferzeugung konzentriert sich meist auf die bloße Produktion von Biomasse, in der Regel mit dem Ziel, lange unverzweigte Stängel für die Faserindustrie zu ernten. Im Gegensatz dazu zielt der Anbau von medizinischem Cannabis auf eine erhöhte Synthese und einen hohen Ertrag an sekundären Pflanzenstoffen ab. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, wurden spezielle Sorten mit hohem Cannabinoid- und Terpengehalt gezüchtet, bei denen die bevorzugt unbefruchteten weiblichen Blütenstände auf verschiedene Weise geerntet und verarbeitet werden.</p>
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<p>Je nach gewünschtem Produkt ist die Wahl einer geeigneten Anbau- und Verarbeitungsmethode entscheidend. Bei medizinischem Cannabis sollten die Blütenstände einer bestimmten <em>Cannabis sativa</em> Sorte idealerweise einen sehr vergleichbaren und chargenunabhängigen Gehalt an pharmazeutischen Wirkstoffen aufweisen. Um standardisierte und stabile Wirkstoffgehalte zu gewährleisten, müssen hoch reproduzierbare Anbau- und Verarbeitungsmethoden etabliert werden. Besonderes Augenmerk sollte dabei auf die Lichtqualität und -menge, den Düngemitteleinsatz in verschiedenen Wachstumsphasen und die relative Luftfeuchtigkeit während der Blütephase gerichtet werden. Letztendlich bleibt es auch unter optimierten und genehmigten Anbaubedingungen eine Herausforderung, die Schwankungen innerhalb und zwischen den Ernten zu minimieren, und stellt ein erhebliches Hindernis für die medizinische Cannabisindustrie dar. Das Bild ändert sich, wenn es um Cannabisextrakte und -konzentrate geht. Während des Herstellungsprozesses von Cannabisextrakten durchläuft das Endprodukt in der Regel verschiedene Verarbeitungsschritte, wobei insgesamt eine ausgewogene und standardisierte Mischung von Wirkstoffen entsteht. Um einen hohen Gehalt an Cannabinoiden und Terpenen in Produkten für die medizinische Cannabisindustrie zu erreichen, ist die Wahl der richtigen Cannabissorte von entscheidender Bedeutung, aber auch die Optimierung der Beleuchtung sowie der Nährstoffzufuhr haben einen erheblichen Einfluss auf den Gesamtertrag. Unter Berücksichtigung von Verdünnungseffekten und Homogenisierung bei der Weiterverarbeitung spielen unterschiedliche Cannabinoid- und Terpenkonzentrationen der einzelnen Pflanzen bei der Herstellung von Cannabisextrakten eine untergeordnete Rolle. Die Produktionskosten und die Umweltauswirkungen sind jedoch von großer Bedeutung für eine nachhaltige Cannabisindustrie.</p>
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<p>Heutzutage wird medizinisches Cannabis, das in Apotheken auf der ganzen Welt verkauft wird, größtenteils unter künstlichem Licht angebaut, ohne die Verwendung von natürlichem Sonnenlicht während der 3-4-monatigen Lebensdauer der Pflanzen. Die steigende Nachfrage nach medizinischem Cannabis fördert den schnell wachsenden Sektor des Cannabisanbaus in Innenräumen weiter. Zu den Faktoren, die den groß angelegten Indoor-Anbau begünstigen, gehören ungünstige klimatische Bedingungen und die daraus resultierenden wirtschaftlichen Risiken für eine groß angelegte Produktion, aber auch die lokale Gesetzgebung, die den Anbau im Freien oft einschränkt. Im krassen Gegensatz zu den traditionellen Anbaumethoden im Freien verursacht der Indoor-Anbau von Cannabis oft einen erheblichen Kohlenstoff-Fußabdruck, der zwischen 2.283 und 5.184 kg CO2-eq/kg getrockneter Cannabisblüten liegt, wie das Beispiel des industriell hergestellten Cannabis in Nordamerika zeigt<sup>1</sup>. Den größten Beitrag zu den gesamten Treibhausgasemissionen (THG) leisten Belüftungs-, Temperatur- und Feuchtigkeitskontrollsysteme, gefolgt von hochintensiven Grow-Lampen<sup>1</sup>. Solche energieaufwendigen Maßnahmen zur Kontrolle des Mikroklimas sind für die groß angelegte Indoor-Produktion von hochwertigem medizinischem Cannabis unerlässlich. Zum Vergleich: Der CO2-Fußabdruck von Gewächshaustomaten, die in Griechenland und Deutschland angebaut werden, liegt zwischen 0.1 und 10.1 kg CO2-eq/kg Frucht<sup>2</sup>. Neben sehr energieintensiven Anbaumethoden wirken sich auch Faktoren wie Umweltverschmutzung und die Zerstörung von Lebensräumen durch den unregulierten Einsatz von Pestiziden und Rodentiziden negativ auf die Umwelt aus<sup>3</sup>.</p>
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<p>Um den CO2-Fußabdruck und die negativen Umweltauswirkungen des Cannabisanbaus zu minimieren, nutzen wir bei <em>Terpenia Phytotherapeutics</em> die günstigen klimatischen Bedingungen in Nordgriechenland, die einen nachhaltigeren Ansatz für die Produktion von medizinischem Cannabis ermöglichen. Wir ersetzen nicht nur energieintensives Kunstlicht durch natürliches Sonnenlicht, sondern setzen auch auf organische Düngemittel und vermeiden die Verwendung synthetischer Produkte. Dank optimierter Anbauverfahren sind wir in der Lage, die Anbauperiode von März bis November zu verlängern, ohne dass wir künstliches Licht einsetzen müssen. In unserem Streben nach einer nachhaltigen Cannabisproduktion sammeln wir die nach der Ernte und Extraktion verbleibende Biomasse, um sie zu kompostieren und als Bodenverbesserungsmittel für die nächste Wachstumsperiode wiederzuverwenden. Mit diesem Ansatz streben wir eine natürliche und ressourcenschonende Cannabisproduktion an, im Einklang mit der Umwelt und geeignet für einen nachhaltigen langfristigen Anbau.</p>
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<p>Quellen:</p>
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<ol type="1">
<li>Summers, H.M., Sproul, E. &amp; Quinn, J.C. The greenhouse gas emissions of indoor cannabis production in the United States. Nat Sustain 4,644–650 (2021). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00691-w">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00691-w</a><br /><br /></li>
<li>Ntinas, G., Neumair, M., Tsadilas, C., Meyer, J. Carbon footprint and cumulative energy demand of greenhouse and open-field tomato cultivation systems under Southern and Central European climatic conditions. Journal of Cleaner Production. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-cleaner-production/vol/142/part/P4" style="font-size: 14px;">Volume 142, Part 4</a><span style="font-size: 14px;">, (2017), Pages 3617-3626. </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.10.106" style="font-size: 14px;">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.10.106</a><br /><br /></li>
<li>Warren, G.S. Regulating Pot to Save the Polar Bear: Energy and Climate Impacts of the Marijuana Industry. Texas A&amp;M University, School of Law. 40 Colum. J. Envt&#8217;l L. 385 (2015). https://scholarship.law.tamu.edu/facscholar/647</li>
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		<title>Legalization or trivialization?                                Recreational use of cannabis products in Germany</title>
		<link>https://www.terpenia.eu/legalization-or-trivialization-recreational-use-of-cannabis-products-in-germany/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[terpenia-editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 18 Dec 2021 19:01:43 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.terpenia.eu/?p=1114</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Since the announcement of the new federal government to allow cannabis for recreational use, we notice a remarkable euphoria from different stakeholders. 

The enthusiasm is great, but few talk about the fact that the use of cannabis products can lead to various psychological and physical side effects. ]]></description>
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<p>Since the announcement of the new federal government to allow cannabis for recreational use, we notice a remarkable euphoria from different stakeholders. The enthusiasm is great, but few talk about the fact that the use of cannabis products can lead to various psychological and physical side effects<sup>1</sup>, including possible long-term effects. Consequently, we would like to highlight the need for protection, especially of young people, from possible negative consequences of recreational cannabis use.</p>
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<p>A new user can already be harmed by the first use of cannabis, but even for experienced users there is a risk of possible side effects. Thus, on the one hand, we have &#8220;naive&#8221; users who have never been exposed to cannabis and do not know their individual cannabis tolerance. On the other hand, there are those who have used cannabis without unpleasant side effects and believe they are safe in handling the substance. Adverse side effects also present us with challenges in dealing with patients in the field of medical cannabis. Of particular note in this context is the dose to be administered, which can easily turn out to be higher than intended for patients, as well as recreational users, potentially leading to adverse effects. Another possible danger of cannabis legalization is the supposed trivialization of cannabis use. Especially young people who have never used cannabis in a recreational setting before might be encouraged to try the drug by a state-approved distribution.</p>
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<p>In our view, the following points should be considered when selling cannabis for recreational use:</p>
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<ul><li>Each user should receive and be able to prove a one-time instruction on the possible consequences of cannabis use by expert personnel (&#8220;green passport&#8221;). A digital format would be beneficial here.</li><li>A clear brochure with the most common risks and side effects should be handed out with every sale, and reference should be made to telephone advice centers and local points of contact.</li><li>Cannabis products (buds, extracts, processed products) should be guided by specific THC/CBD ratio limits to reduce undesirable side effects. The THC/CBD ratio should be in the range of 15:1 and not exceed this value. An upper limit for the total THC content of a product would also be conceivable until further valid data on dose-dependent side effects are available.</li><li>Sales should be limited to adults 21 years of age and older.</li><li>Dispensing quantities should be limited to uniform amounts for personal use.</li></ul>
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<p>We must help new users and protect them as best we can from unwanted side effects. We therefore urge caution in dispensing cannabis for recreational use, because &#8220;what can heal can also harm.&#8221; In connection with the announcement of the new federal government (#SPD, #Greens, #FDP) to evaluate the situation four years after legalization, we would like to issue a reminder at this point and ask who will take responsibility for the project &#8220;cannabis for recreational use&#8221; in case of a negative evaluation. As a manufacturer for the medical cannabis market, we will publish our successes, but also the clinical trials that did not produce the desired results. Only in this way will we be able to achieve stable results and improve medical cannabis products in the long run. We would like to encourage all stakeholders to take their responsibility and contribute to making cannabis a safe product for all.</p>
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<p>References:</p>
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<ol type="1"><li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Terry-McElrath+YM&amp;cauthor_id=34521066">Terry-McElrath</a>, Y.M.,&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Patrick+ME&amp;cauthor_id=34521066">Patrick</a>, M.E.,&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=O%27Malley+PM&amp;cauthor_id=34521066">O&#8217;Malley</a>, P.M.,&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Johnston+LD&amp;cauthor_id=34521066">Johnston</a>, L.D. Self-reported perceived negative consequences of marijuana use among U.S. young adult users, 2008-2019. Addict Behav. 2022 Jan;124:107098. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107098. Epub 2021 Aug 26.</li></ol>
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<p>Suggested literature:</p>
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<ol type="a"><li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Scheier+LM&amp;cauthor_id=32653770">Scheier</a>, L.M.,&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Griffin+KW&amp;cauthor_id=32653770">Griffin</a>, K.W. Youth marijuana use: a review of causes and consequences. Curr Opin Psychol. 2021 Apr;38:11-18. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.06.007. Epub 2020 Jun 20.</li><li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Campeny+E&amp;cauthor_id=32165103">Campeny</a>, E.,&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=L%C3%B3pez-Pelayo+H&amp;cauthor_id=32165103">López-Pelayo</a>, H.,&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Nutt+D&amp;cauthor_id=32165103">Nutt</a>, D., <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Blithikioti+C&amp;cauthor_id=32165103">Blithikioti</a>, C.,&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Oliveras+C&amp;cauthor_id=32165103">Oliveras</a>, C.,&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Nu%C3%B1o+L&amp;cauthor_id=32165103">Nuño</a>, L., et al. The blind men and the elephant: Systematic review of systematic reviews of cannabis use related health harms. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2020 Apr;33:1-35.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.02.003. Epub 2020 Mar 9.</li><li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Cohen+K&amp;cauthor_id=30703255">Cohen</a>, K.,&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Weizman+A&amp;cauthor_id=30703255">Weizman</a>, A.,&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Weinstein+A&amp;cauthor_id=30703255">Weinstein</a>, A. Positive and Negative Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids on Health. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2019 May;105(5):1139-1147.<br>doi: 10.1002/cpt.1381.</li><li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Karila+L&amp;cauthor_id=24001294">Karila</a>. L.,&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Roux+P&amp;cauthor_id=24001294">Roux</a>, P.,&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Rolland+B&amp;cauthor_id=24001294">Rolland</a>, B., <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Benyamina+A&amp;cauthor_id=24001294">Benyamina</a>, A.,&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Reynaud+M&amp;cauthor_id=24001294">Reynaud</a>, M.,&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Aubin+HJ&amp;cauthor_id=24001294">Henri-Jean Aubin</a>, HJ., et al. Acute and long-term effects of cannabis use: a review. Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20(25):4112-8. doi: 10.2174/13816128113199990620.</li></ol>
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<p><strong>Legalisierung oder Verharmlosung? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>Freizeitgebrauch von Cannabisprodukten in Deutschland</strong></p>
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<p>Seit der Ankündigung der neuen Bundesregierung, Cannabis für den Freizeitgebrauch zuzulassen, stellen wir eine bemerkenswerte Euphorie seitens verschiedener Akteure fest. Die Begeisterung ist groß, doch nur wenige sprechen darüber, dass der Gebrauch von Cannabisprodukten zu verschiedenen psychischen und physischen Nebenwirkungen<sup>1</sup>, inklusive möglicher Spätfolgen, führen kann. Infolgedessen möchten wir eindringlich auf die Notwendigkeit des Schutzes, insbesondere der Jugendlichen, vor möglichen negativen Folgen des Freizeitgebrauchs von Cannabis hinweisen.</p>
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<p>Ein neuer Konsument kann bereits beim ersten Gebrauch geschädigt werden, doch auch für erfahrene User besteht die Gefahr möglicher Spätfolgen. So haben wir auf der einen Seite „naive“ Konsumenten, die noch nie mit Cannabis in Berührung gekommen sind und ihre individuelle Cannabistoleranz nicht kennen. Auf der anderen Seite stehen diejenigen, die Cannabis ohne unangenehme Nebenwirkungen konsumiert haben und glauben, sie seien sicher im Umgang mit dem Wirkstoff. Unerwünschte Nebenwirkungen stellen uns auch im Bereich des medizinischen Cannabis vor Herausforderungen im Umgang mit Patienten. Hervorzuheben ist in diesem Zusammenhang die zu verabreichende Dosis, welche für Patienten, aber auch für Freizeitkonsumenten, leicht höher als beabsichtigt ausfallen kann, was möglicherweise zu unerwünschten Effekten führen kann. Eine weitere mögliche Gefahr der Legalisierung stellt die vermeintliche Verharmlosung des Cannabiskonsums dar. Besonders junge Menschen, die vorher noch nie Cannabis als Genussmittel konsumiert haben, könnten durch eine staatlich zugelassene Abgabe dazu ermutigt werden das Rauschmittel zu probieren.</p>
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<p>Aus unserer Sicht sollten folgende Punkte beim Verkauf von Cannabis für den Freizeitgebrauch berücksichtigt werden:</p>
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<ul><li>Jeder Konsument sollte durch fachkundiges Personal eine einmalige Belehrung über die möglichen Folgen von Cannabiskonsum erhalten und nachweisen können (eine Art „grüner Pass“). Ein digitales Format wäre hier vorteilhaft.</li><li>Bei jedem Verkauf sollte eine übersichtliche Broschüre mit den häufigsten Risiken und Nebenwirkungen ausgegeben werden, sowie auf telefonische Beratungsstellen und lokale Anlaufstellen hingewiesen werden.</li><li>Cannabisprodukte (Blütenstände, Extrakte, prozessierte Produkte) sollten sich an bestimmten Grenzen für das THC/CBD Verhältnis orientieren, um unerwünschte Nebenwirkungen zu reduzieren. Das THC/CBD-Verhältnis sollte sich im Bereich von 15:1 befinden und diesen Wert nicht überschreiten. Denkbar wäre auch eine Obergrenze für den Gesamt-THC-Gehalt eines Produktes, solange bis valide Daten zu Dosisabhängigen Nebenwirkungen verfügbar sind.</li><li>Der Verkauf sollte auf Erwachsene ab 21 Jahren beschränkt werden.</li><li>Abgabemengen sollten auf einheitliche Mengen für den Eigengebrauch begrenzt werden.</li></ul>
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<p>Wir müssen neuen Konsumenten helfen und sie so gut es geht vor unerwünschten Nebenwirkungen schützen.</p>
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<p>Wir mahnen daher zur Vorsicht bei der Abgabe von Cannabis zum Freizeitgebrauch, denn: „was heilen kann, kann auch schaden“. Im Zusammenhang mit der Ankündigung der neuen Bundesregierung (#SPD, #Grüne, #FDP), die Situation vier Jahre nach der Legalisierung zu evaluieren, möchten wir an dieser Stelle eine Mahnung aussprechen und fragen, wer im Falle einer negativen Evaluation die Verantwortung für das Projekt „Cannabis für den Freizeitkonsum“ übernehmen wird. Als Hersteller für den medizinischen Cannabismarkt werden wir unsere Erfolge, aber auch die klinischen Studien, die nicht die gewünschten Ergebnisse gebracht haben, veröffentlichen. Nur so werden wir in der Lage sein, stabile Ergebnisse zu erzielen und medizinische Cannabisprodukte auf lange Sicht zu verbessern. Wir möchten alle Beteiligten dazu ermutigen, ihre Verantwortung wahrzunehmen und einen Beitrag dazu zu leisten, Cannabis zu einem sicheren Produkt für alle zu machen.</p>
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<p>Quellen:</p>
<!-- /divi:paragraph -->

<!-- divi:list {"ordered":true,"type":"1"} -->
<ol type="1"><li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Terry-McElrath+YM&amp;cauthor_id=34521066">Terry-McElrath</a>, Y.M.,&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Patrick+ME&amp;cauthor_id=34521066">Patrick</a>, M.E.,&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=O%27Malley+PM&amp;cauthor_id=34521066">O&#8217;Malley</a>, P.M.,&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Johnston+LD&amp;cauthor_id=34521066">Johnston</a>, L.D. Self-reported perceived negative consequences of marijuana use among U.S. young adult users, 2008-2019. Addict Behav. 2022 Jan;124:107098. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107098. Epub 2021 Aug 26.</li></ol>
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<p>Vorgeschlagene Literatur:</p>
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<ol type="a"><li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Scheier+LM&amp;cauthor_id=32653770">Scheier</a>, L.M.,&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Griffin+KW&amp;cauthor_id=32653770">Griffin</a>, K.W. Youth marijuana use: a review of causes and consequences. Curr Opin Psychol. 2021 Apr;38:11-18. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.06.007. Epub 2020 Jun 20.</li><li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Campeny+E&amp;cauthor_id=32165103">Campeny</a>, E.,&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=L%C3%B3pez-Pelayo+H&amp;cauthor_id=32165103">López-Pelayo</a>, H.,&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Nutt+D&amp;cauthor_id=32165103">Nutt</a>, D., <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Blithikioti+C&amp;cauthor_id=32165103">Blithikioti</a>, C.,&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Oliveras+C&amp;cauthor_id=32165103">Oliveras</a>, C.,&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Nu%C3%B1o+L&amp;cauthor_id=32165103">Nuño</a>, L., et al. The blind men and the elephant: Systematic review of systematic reviews of cannabis use related health harms. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2020 Apr;33:1-35.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.02.003. Epub 2020 Mar 9.</li><li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Cohen+K&amp;cauthor_id=30703255">Cohen</a>, K.,&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Weizman+A&amp;cauthor_id=30703255">Weizman</a>, A.,&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Weinstein+A&amp;cauthor_id=30703255">Weinstein</a>, A. Positive and Negative Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids on Health. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2019 May;105(5):1139-1147.<br>doi: 10.1002/cpt.1381.</li><li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Karila+L&amp;cauthor_id=24001294">Karila</a>. L.,&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Roux+P&amp;cauthor_id=24001294">Roux</a>, P.,&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Rolland+B&amp;cauthor_id=24001294">Rolland</a>, B., <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Benyamina+A&amp;cauthor_id=24001294">Benyamina</a>, A.,&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Reynaud+M&amp;cauthor_id=24001294">Reynaud</a>, M.,&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Aubin+HJ&amp;cauthor_id=24001294">Henri-Jean Aubin</a>, HJ., et al. Acute and long-term effects of cannabis use: a review. Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20(25):4112-8. doi: 10.2174/13816128113199990620.</li></ol>
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		<title>Cannabis Flowers or cannabinoid-containing preparations?</title>
		<link>https://www.terpenia.eu/cannabis-flowers-or-cannabinoid-containing-preparations/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[terpenia-editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 10 May 2021 11:28:24 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Research]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.terpenia.eu/?p=1</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[As it appears from IQVIA 2020 statistics, patients in the 21-40 age group receive a higher proportion of prescriptions for cannabis flowers than patients older than 41.

According to the report, patients aged 41 and older receive significantly more prescriptions for preparations containing cannabinoids. ]]></description>
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<p><br>As it appears from <a href="https://www.iqvia.com/insights/the-iqvia-institute/reports" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IQVIA 2020 statistics</a>, patients in the 21-40 age group receive a higher proportion of prescriptions for cannabis flowers than patients older than 41. </p>
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<p>According to the report, patients aged 41 and older receive significantly more prescriptions for preparations containing cannabinoids. The authors argue that physicians involve younger patients more in treatment decisions and cannabis flowers are preferred by the younger age group. In this context, we looked at the statistics for smoking habits by age group in the German population and concluded that this observation can also be justified by patients&#8217; own decisions regarding smoking habits in the different age groups. </p>
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<p>Nevertheless, more and more patients are opting for cannabinoid-containing preparations, as only these can guarantee a standardized therapy, in contrast to smoking cannabis flowers. Furthermore, statistics on smoking habits show a tendency towards decreasing tobacco consumption among younger people. Accordingly, in the future we expect a change towards the use of cannabinoid-containing preparations (including full spectrum extracts) also among younger patients.</p>
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